Introduction One of the most powerful empires in history, Persia, nowadays Iran has been at the forefront of regional, political, economic and cultural developments in the wider area of the Middle East and the Persian Gulf regions. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Tehran gradually adopted a new model of foreign policy that directly opposed the interests of western powers …

Since September 2020, a war has been raging between Azerbaijan and Armenia over power in the Nagorno-Karabakh area resulting in more than 6,000 deaths. The Karabakh region is disputed on mainly historical grounds by both Azeris and Armenians. The Azeris claim that the region has always been under Azeri rule in known history; by contrast the Armenians advance the claim …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The region where modern day Libya is situated has a rich history concerning the different societies that have passed there. From evidence of the Berber people to the Phoenicians, and from the Islamic rule to the Ottomans, Libya has been the stage of many struggles amongst a variety …

Crimes against humanity in Libya – The Criminal Role of Saudi Arabia and UAE – Responsibilities of the ICC and UN Security Council   Download here. Legal study, by Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Libya is located in a key strategic location. Its thousands of miles of Mediterranean coast offer direct access to Europe, while …

Crimes against humanity of Saudi Arabia & UAE in Yemen   Download from here Legal study, by Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The worst humanitarian crisis is currently raging in Yemen. Yemen is the poorest nation on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula.  The wars in Yemen have made things worse.  Humanity also trembles at …

 Working paper, by Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. For one week now, rocket exchanges between Israel and Hamas are intensifying in what appears to be an uncontrollable escalation of violence. After the end of Ramadan, several Palestinian families were threatened with expulsion from East Jerusalem, the occupied part of the city, leading to demonstrations …

 Working paper, by Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Since its creation, the European Union had as a project the preservation of peace to avoid the advent of a new world conflict. This peace has been built through the elaboration of an economic community that has pushed back its borders until 2013, and whose stated …

 By Alvaro Perez Cardenes, The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. It is a really well-known fact that having a free and independent media is one of the most crucial aspects for having a full and healthy democracy. Having a robust ‘fourth estate’ is key for the democratic process, due to the fact that it enables the adequate participation …

Scottish local elections raise spectre of independence The legislative Scottish and Welsh elections actually take place, the 6th of May and arouse the desires of the Scottish independents. Previously illegitimate, the demand for a new independence referendum has become possible again, as the Brexit has greatly changed the situation. If the election were to give a majority to the pro-independence …

By Bernardo Nascimento, The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The practice of peace negotiations is something that has been exercised for centuries. Since Thucydides described how the Greek states and Athens achieved the Peace of Nicias, other historians have been redacting about the way peace emerges from war (Holsti 1991, p. 1; Crawley 2009). However, it was not …