The battle against climate change has reached a critical juncture, with the international community grappling to implement strategies that can mitigate the disastrous impacts of a warming planet. Whilst strides have been made in recent years, not nearly as much as necessary has been achieved. The Paris Agreement, signed in 2015, was a watershed moment in the fight against climate …

The United States’ relationship with Cuba has been marked by political tensions and economic restrictions. The sanctions imposed by the US on Cuba represent one of the most enduring and comprehensive sanctions regimes ever applied. The U.S. cited human rights violations, communist tendencies and regional instability as the primary reasons for the sanctions. Even recently, US diplomat Paul Folmsbee stressed …

China and Japan are the greatest emerging and developed nations in Asia, respectively, and they are crucial to the advancement of the continent and neighbouring areas. The trade between the world’s second and third largest economies has had a turbulent decade as politics have added fuel to the fire of economic pressures. However, China and Japan still have highly interconnected production …

The current situation in East Asia is probably as hot and close to a full-scale war as it has never been before: recently the highest number ever of military aircraft belonging to the People’s Republic of China flew over the Island of Formosa known as the Republic of China or Taiwan. The declared intent of the PRC is simple, according …

Book by: Mahmoud Refaat International law is a system of laws governing state-to-state interactions. Individuals and international institutions are two most active and important components of modern international law, yet this archaic definition leaves them out, indicating how far the field has gone. Furthermore, viewing international law as a collection of rules is no longer accurate; rather, it is a …

Massive human rights violations occur in conflict times. Mass rapes, using child soldiers, enslavement, massacres, deprivation or destruction of civilians’ property, forced displacement of population, or human trafficking are facilitated via way of means of conflict. Wars and armed conflicts, due to the fact they weaken the guideline of thumb of regulation, facilitate the fee of human rights violations. In …

Buy the book from HERE The intent frequently noted for enforcing sanctions is the wish to solve a conflict without mass struggling and different poor outcomes related to war. This takes a look at places this assumption into context and evaluates whether or not the usage of sanctions is a doable manner to obtain worldwide peace and safety or is …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations Sixth edition, Paris March 2021 First edition published, March 2013 At the point when numerous legislatures view law and order as an idea as opposed to a commitment, a viable International Criminal Court equipped for getting equity for atrocities and violations against humankind is a higher priority than …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations Fifth edition, Paris May 2021 First edition published, March 2011 Complementarity is an essential standard whereupon the International Criminal Court (ICC) is introduced. In that capacity, it has been exposed to much scholarly examination, both as far as its comprising components and the expected repercussions of its utilization. …

Introduction In December 2019, the European Commission presented the European Green Deal committing to climate nutrality by 2050. The European Green Deal (EGD) can be considered as a roadmap of key policies for the EU’s climate agenda, based on which the Commission has started, and will continue to develop, legislative proposals and strategies from 2020 onwards (Siddi, 2021). The European …