22 June 2021 On June 20, 2021 Armenians voted in snap parliamentary elections that was held as a result of political crisis erupted after ethnic Armenian forces lost a six-week war against Azerbaijan in November 2020 and ceded territory in and around the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh (BBC 2021, Armenia Election). Following the preliminary results, Armenia’s acting Prime Minister Nikol …

Beginning in 2014, the European Union saw an increased amount of migration coming from different parts of the world. The so-called “refugee crisis” began as a consequence of the continuous wars that were taking place specifically in the Middle East that led to a high volume of people being literally forced to migrate to other places in search for security …

08 June 2021 Historical Background The relationship between the European Union and Switzerland has always been particularly unique. Even though Switzerland is a small country surrounded by EU Member States it has remained outside of the EU and has also had a different relationship with the Union than other countries in a similar position like Norway or Iceland. Switzerland rejected …

Humanity has a long history of moving. Since the earliest times, people have been moving for different reasons including but not only, in search of work, better economic opportunities, to study, to escape wars, human rights violations, national conflicts or even due to environmental factors (natural disasters, climate change). Article 13 and Article 14 of The Universal Declaration of Human …

Darfur is a region of the western Sudan; the population of Darfur is estimated at 7 million people. The armed conflict between the Sudan Liberation movement (SLM), the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups and the government of Sudan (military, police, militia) started in February 2003. The rebel groups accused the Sudanese government for oppressing Darfur’s non-Arab population, destroying their houses, …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Contribution: Georgios Mavrodimitrakis, The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The ethnically diverse Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir continues to be a major source of tension between the regional rivalries, India, Pakistan and to a lesser extent China. Despite the numerous wars and periodical conflicts …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Contribution: Georgios Mavrodimitrakis, The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The current diplomatic dispute between Morocco and Spain over Madrid’s decision to hospitalize the Covid-19 infected leader of the Western Saharan independence movement, Brahim Ghali, has been the “tip of the iceberg” of the rising tensions …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. For one week now, rocket exchanges between Israel and Hamas are intensifying in what appears to be an uncontrollable escalation of violence. After the end of Ramadan, several Palestinian families were threatened with expulsion from East Jerusalem, the occupied part of the city, leading to demonstrations in this …

13 May 2021  By Bernardo Nascimento, The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The filibuster, as it is contemporarily known in the context of the United States, is a legislative tool used in the Senate that “imposes an effective supermajority requirement for the enactment of most legislation”, considering that, to bring a proposal to vote after it has been …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. Last month, the President of the U.S. Joe Biden announced the withdrawal of all the remaining 2.500 U.S. troops from Afghanistan by September 11, the 20th anniversary of the al-Qaida terrorist attacks on New York and Washington (Borger & Sabbagh, 2021). A few days later however, Ankara was …